The two-factor structure of harm aversion and the mechanism underlying its function of resisting aggression

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1041.2025.1231

Abstract

Abstract:

Harm aversion is a core component of human morality, and revealing its structure and function is of great significance. The view that harm aversion is composed of two relatively independent factors, namely harm action aversion and harm outcome aversion, has not yet received strong empirical support, and the differences between these two factors in inhibiting aggression and the mechanisms behind them are also unclear. To explore these issues, we conducted one pilot study and three formal experiments. The pilot study developed a harm action/outcome aversion dissociation task based on the process dissociation procedure. Experiment 1 used this task to examine the structure of harm aversion. Experiment 2 (including 2a and 2b) explored the moral cognitive mechanisms by which harm action/outcome aversion inhibits aggression. The results showed that harm aversion is composed of two relatively independent factors: harm action aversion and harm outcome aversion. Harm outcome aversion can inhibit aggression through moral disengagement, but the inhibitory effect of harm action aversion on moral disengagement and aggression is not robust. Through the above experiments, this study developed a research tool for harm aversion, tested the two-factor structure of harm aversion, examined the cognitive and behavioral differences of harm aversion in inhibiting aggression, and revealed the moral cognitive pathway of harm aversion inhibiting aggression.

Key words: Harm Action Aversion, Harm Outcome Aversion, Process Dissociation Procedure, Aggression, Moral Disengagement

CEN Yushan, XIA Lingxiang, HUANG Runyu, LV Jie. (2025). The two-factor structure of harm aversion and the mechanism underlying its function of resisting aggression. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 57(7), 1231-1247.

Figures/Tables 8

References 88

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Criterion	Parameter A	Parameter O	Correlation Difference Test z	Correlation Difference Test p
Harm Action Aversion Score	0.16^**	0.23^***	?0.90	0.370
Harm Outcome Aversion Score	0.08	0.23^***	?2.02^*	0.044
Empathy	0.13^*	0.30^***	?2.25^*	0.024
Traditional Moral Judgment	0.27^***	0.22^***	0.61	0.544
Deontology Parameter	0.29^***	0.28^***	0.22	0.830
Utilitarianism Parameter	?0.05	?0.01	?0.56	0.579
Psychopathy	?0.27^***	?0.42^***	2.07^*	0.038
Physical Aggression	?0.22^***	?0.22^***	0.05	0.958
Verbal Aggression	?0.09	?0.13^*	0.47	0.638

Criterion	Parameter A	Parameter O	Correlation Difference Test z	Correlation Difference Test p
Harm Action Aversion Score	0.16^**	0.23^***	?0.90	0.370
Harm Outcome Aversion Score	0.08	0.23^***	?2.02^*	0.044
Empathy	0.13^*	0.30^***	?2.25^*	0.024
Traditional Moral Judgment	0.27^***	0.22^***	0.61	0.544
Deontology Parameter	0.29^***	0.28^***	0.22	0.830
Utilitarianism Parameter	?0.05	?0.01	?0.56	0.579
Psychopathy	?0.27^***	?0.42^***	2.07^*	0.038
Physical Aggression	?0.22^***	?0.22^***	0.05	0.958
Verbal Aggression	?0.09	?0.13^*	0.47	0.638

Variable	M	SD	1	2	3	4	5
1. Parameter A	0.57	0.16	?
2. Parameter O	0.23	0.32	0.09	?
3. Moral Disengagement	1.99	0.55	?0.17^***	?0.32^***	?
4. Physical Aggression	1.84	0.63	?0.16^**	?0.32^***	0.60^***	?
5. Verbal Aggression	2.60	0.73	?0.05	?0.13^**	0.32^***	0.48^***	?

Variable	M	SD	1	2	3	4	5
1. Parameter A	0.57	0.16	?
2. Parameter O	0.23	0.32	0.09	?
3. Moral Disengagement	1.99	0.55	?0.17^***	?0.32^***	?
4. Physical Aggression	1.84	0.63	?0.16^**	?0.32^***	0.60^***	?
5. Verbal Aggression	2.60	0.73	?0.05	?0.13^**	0.32^***	0.48^***	?

Variable	M	SD	1	2	3	4
1. Parameter A	0.51	0.16	?
2. Parameter O	0.25	0.27	0.17	?
3. Moral Disengagement	2.00	0.58	?0.02	?0.21^*	?
4. Aggressive Behavior	0.48	0.36	?0.01	?0.24^*	0.60^***	?